Printing inks



Patented May 27, 1952 PRINTING INKS Alfred. Schmutzler... 'leaneck.v J;

No'Drawing. Application September'30',1949', Serial No. 119,023

Claims. 1

This: invention: relates to: printing inks and more; particularly-to. those-.zcontaining;, an ester of" shellac andzaa dibasic. organic acid as the binder: fOl'T the. coloring :materiaL. The; present application is a v.continuationyin,part: of my abandoned application-Ber; No; 573,636, filed January 19,; 19.45.

Ihave disclosed, in my-above parent applicae tion;.that shellac reactediwith polybasic acids; such as: phthalic'andmaleicacid or thelike will result in an ester reactiomproduct which issuinciently, soluble; in. mixtures. of: diethylene glycol and. water to be-suitable assabinder for steam setting'printingiinks.

Shellac is :most; commonly used as. a solution in: ethyl alcohol as 2. clearrsurface'coating: or as the. vehicle in .aniline; inks; Someshellacsr are more inclined, tozaprecipitate: or gel: from; their solutions-than others.- By the-term solution withregard toshellac'is'really meant a suspension- (orcolloidal dispersion) ofthesolid in the lacquer solvent. It is-characterized by'its excel lent-toughness and hardness. Those: properties and also its good adhesion to smooth and glossy surfaces-such as cellophane, make it very desirable: for printing onflatbed: presses. Unfortunately, the. typev of inks, in which the solvent is-alcohcl; can: only be used on. special aniline ink presses and on rotogravure printing machine's; For-the usual typographic printing, a1- cohol: evaporates too fast: andleads to premature drying of. the.inksiormulatedwith ethyl alcohol on the printing rollers. Inkscontaining vehicles of'shellac-r. and a non-volatile.;solvent; such. as polyethylene glycol, dry very'slowly with the advantage of excellent performance on flatbed printing presses".' For faster, drying, the. glycols of lower. molecular weight. would be appropriate; but: they: are :very poorgsolventsfor shellac.v Since they are inherently hygroscopic in addition to their poor-solvency; their solutions arevery unstable; just-exposure to a moderate. humidity havingthe 1 tendency to cause: the. separation of the. resin from the liquid; An ink'formulated with such: a; glycol solution of shellachardens prematurely'onthe rollers of the printing press so. that: nosatisfactory output is possible.

I'have discovered, as. disclosed and olaimedin my copending: applicationser- No. 573,636, that improved inkscan be prepared by reactingyshellac with a polybasicacid and. then; dissolving this ester of shellac in polyhydric alcohols having 2 to 3 hydroxy groups. The resulting ink vehicle has great humidity toleranceandzyetby; exposing av thinfilm. of. ink containing this ester as the 2. binder to steam. fast setting can be accomplished.

It has also been found that this reaction prod:- uct of shellac with a dibasic organic acid, which has one of its carboxyl groups esterified while the other remains a terminal group, is readily soluble in polyhydric alcoholsof lower molecular weight than diethylene glycol. These compounds. in.- clude ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol and glycerol.

It is an object of this invention to provide for a printing ink, which has shellac reacted with a polybasic acid as therbinder and a low molecuweight polyhydric alcohol having 2 to 3 hydroxy groups as the solvent for'the modified shellac;

: Such an ink can beused for typographic print,-

ing with fast and slow operating presses. These polyhydric alcohols have sufiiciently high boiling points that no premature hardening takes place on the rollers of the machines. There are two methods: of speeding up the hardening of the inkafter it has been printed. One method, which is applicable to practically. all the low boiling and high boiling glycols,,involves,exposing the thin ink film. to. steam, non-offsetting being accomplished by theseparation of pigment and binderfrom the polyhydric alcohol-water mixture. The other. method, wherein the faster evaporating glycols, suchv as ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentolene and hexylene. are preferred, involves exposing the ink film to moderate heat, as an alternate; method of drying, the lowmolecular weightpolyhydric alcohols evaporat, ing to result in. a dryink. film. Drying will also take place on short agingofthe prints; ittakes I place; partially, by penetration. into the fibrous stock and partially by the. slow evaporation of the solvent.

The processing of theshellac is preferably done. before. its. dissolution. in the .polyhydric alcohol. Varying amounts. ofthe. organic acid. in relation to the shellac maybe used. Since. this resin. has tobepictured as. several'radicals of trihydroxypalmitic acid forming amoleoulegof the resin, it is; evident that the average recurrin radical is a part of an. ester, which has from two to three unreacted hydroxy groups. During, the reactionof such a molecule with as many molecules, of the; anhydrideof'a dibasic organic acid, as there-are hydroxy; groups avail'g. able. in the. resin molecule, one terminal carboxyl group will be attachedto thBlGSiIlxIIIOlEClfl-G for every hydroxyl groupv thusreactedrwith the; an.-

hydride of the-dibasicacid. The, additional terminalcarboxyl; groups; in;.th.e-re.s-in.molecule .imart solubility to it; in. non-anhydrous gly'cols;

which defines a glycol contaminated with water. A resin might be soluble in a glycol, which is anhydrous, but upon the addition of water to such a resin solution, there will occur a separation of a solid and a liquid phase, providing the resin is water-insoluble. The amount or proportion of water which can be added to the solution without causing the separation is called the water tolerance. The greater the number of molecules of dibasic acid attached to every recurring radica or building block of shellac, which is stated in the literature to consist approximately 70% of 9, l0, lfi-trihydroxypalmitic acid, the better will be the stability of the solutions with regard to the ratio of water of dilution it will tolerate before separation takes place. When maximum water tolerance is desired, all available hydroxy groups in the shellac resin molecule are best reacted with the anhydride of which is common for shellac prior to the reaction with the anhydride of a dibasic acid).

For this purpose, it is advantageous to use the anhydrides due to their greater reactivity, especially at the more moderate elevated temperatures. The term acid in the claims includes the anhydrides. For every hydroxyl group esterified with phthalic anhydride or the like, at about 100 0., one carboxyl group is formed. When the corresponding dibasic organic acids are substituted, the reaction has to be carried out at somewhat higher temperatures. Then, it is not as direct as with the anhydrides, as side reactions will accompany the desired esterification of but one carboxy group of the dibasic acid while some of other molecules of the acid might not partake in the reaction.

The reactions with the anhydrides of dibasic acids are easily carried out as the alcoholysis of the acid anhydride takes place readily at but slightly elevated temperatures. Thus, if desired, all the hydroxyl groups in shellac may be esterified with as many molecules of dibasic acids, resulting in as many free carboxyl groups as bydroxyl groups are esterlfied. Such a modified shellac shows improved water tolerance in diethylene glycol solutions. In many instances, the modified shellac solutions improve the length and flow characteristics of buttery steam setting printing inks, if but small proportions of the reacted shellac are incorporated. The modified 4 shellac, as described, is a somewhat acidic material. Its acidity may be reduced by reacting it with polyhydric alcohols. However, a large number of terminal carboxyl groups can be attached to shellac with a resulting better solubility in the low molecular weight polyhydric alcohols. When tribasic acids are substituted, approximately two of the carboxyl groups remain terminal for every one esterified by the shellac with a resulting improved solubility in the glycols and glycerol and enhanced water tolerance of the solutions. With tetra, penta, and hexabasic acids, a still greater number of terminal acid groups can be attached for every shellac hydroxyl group esterified.

It is a further object of this invention to provide for a printing ink, which has shellac reacted with a polybasic organic acid of three or more carboxyl groups as the binder and a low molecular weight polyhydric alcohol as the solvent. This reaction of the shellac with the polybasic acid is conveniently carried out at about 150 C. for to two hours, with the aim for a high acid number of the resulting ester product.

The solutions of shellac reacted with polybasic acids are transparent and dry with a good luster. They can be used for printing over prints to provide them with improved scuff resistance. When glossy films are desired, it is advantageous to rely on air drying or the evaporation of the solvent by exposure to heat.

The solutions have a very strong acid reaction. The acidity can be reduced by the addition of ammonia or amines- Complete neutralization is seldom desirable, especially with prints or overprinting applications, to be hardened by exposure to steam, an acid number of about is required so that non-offsetting can be accomplished. The partial neutralization of the acid groups improves the water tolerance of the solutions. It has the disadvantage of decreasing the water resistance of the dry films.

I have further found that the carboxyl group of natural shellac can be neutralized with ammonia or amines. The neutralized product in diethylene glycol has more water tolerance than the natural product; it imparts flow and length to some diethylene glycol-base printing inks, especially those which contain low oil absorption pigments. The preferred method of preparing neutralized shellac solution consists'in adding the proper amount of amine or ammonium salt, such as ethylene diamine, to the polyhydric alcohol and while stirring add powdered shellac to the solution in the same manner as set forth in Examples XXI-XXIV.

The reaction between shellac and polybasic acid may be conducted in the presence of. a resin which is soluble in ethyl alcohol but insoluble in the low molecular weight polyhydrie alcohols. After the reaction, the added resin remains dispersed in the solution of modified shellac in polyhydric alcohol. While the added resin has little tendency to partake in the modification of shel lac, it may be considered as an inert flux which upon melting dissolves shellac so that the reaction can be carried out at lower temperatures. Among the many alcohol soluble resins are gum of manila, pontianak resin, sandarac resin, phenol-formaldehyde adducts, alkyds and maleic resins of high acid number, sulfamide resins, phenol modified indene-coumarone resins, and phenol modified terpenes.

Instead of an added resin, solvents which are not reactive or which have little tendency to re- 25119.7,QQ&

actzwith theiorganic :acid:-can.b.ea.present1 during theev modification: of theshellac: so; thattithmreaction. may take .placezbelow the: fusion point-of the shellaceorganic acid: mixture:. Am0ng.'= the useful solvents. are ketones. and .phenol's; The ketones; may be driven: oil? after: the; reaction is completed; whilev the .phenols;can: be reacted with aldehydes for the. formation of phenol-aldehyde adducts.

Since shellac is a natural product, all shipments areusually'dlfierent from each other in solubility andv reactivity. On aging; shellac has the tend time'during the processing and noting the mag ress of the reaction. The undesired side reaction is the accelerated aging phenomenon at'elevated temperatures; it is manifested by progressive increases in the viscosity of the alcohol solu- A tions of the samples. By setting up a series of standards for any shellac sample from its initial viscosity to that very viscous state which is very close to the gelation point, any other sample or shipment can be controlled during the processing to avoid solidification during the reaction with the polybasic acids.

The method of practicing this invention is more specifically illustratedloy the following examples,

in which the parts are byweight:

Example I 15 parts of shellac and 15 parts. of pht-halic. anhydride are powdered and mixed well. The mixture is heated to about 150 C. for about one hour; Then 70 parts of ethylene glycol are graduallystirred into-this melt and held between 80 and 120 C. until solution is complete.

Examples Ia, Ib and To In these examples, propylene. glycol, butylene glycol or glycerol were substituted for ethylene glycol. The vehicles were pigmented with 15 parts of carbon black, parts chrome yellow pigment, 50 parts titanium white, or 20 parts of toluidine red, respectively, to produce a printing ink. l

Example II 30 parts of shellac, and 13 parts of maleic anhydride are powdered and mixed well. The mixtureis slowly heated to. 130 C. and held at this temperature for A; hour. Then, 157 parts:- of. butylene glycol are gradually stirred into the melt and held between 80 and 130 C. until the solutionis complete.

In. this example, ethylene. glycol, propylene.

6;: glycol,.origlycerolmaiubezsubstituted iorbutylene glycolas; in Examplefl:

Example I V 15 parts of shellacand 10' parts itaconic anhydridearepowdered and mixed well.- Thez-mixtureaisslgwly heated-.- to 1309 C..and;iheld-;-at1this temperatilre for: /2i houi:. Then, 75 partsnfglycierol; are; slowly poured into the melt; and; held between. and-. 13091 C. until solution is complete; In this example; ethylene glycol, propylene. glycol and butyleneglycol, respectively, may be substituted for glycerol.

' Example V 15;; arts. oi; shellac and: 1.0. parts sucoinio; an? hyclridearepowderedandmixedwell... The-mix. tune isslowly' heated .to';150*-C;. and; heldat, this temperature for; 1"5..minutes.. Then'l5. parts'iof."

propylene glycol are. gradually stirred into the solution and held at 80 to 150C. until the solution isicomplete.

Example. VI

15" partsof shellac and 10 parts of- 'glutaricane hydride ar powdered and mixed well. The-mixture is heated graduallyto and held atthis temperature for twohours. Then, 75 parts of propylene glycol are gradually stirred into the melt and held at170 to 110 C; until solutionis complete.

Example VII l5parts of shellac, 15 parts. of soft .phenollmodified idene-coumarone-resin...and. 9 parts of phthalic anhydride are slowly'heated to, 110C.- and held at this temperature for one hour." Then, 157 parts propylen'e glycol are gradually poured into the melt. and held. atv thistemperature until solutioniscom-pleta.

Example: VH1;

15 parts of shellac, 10. parts of acetone, and parts .of phthalic anhydride are gradually. heated in a kettle provided. with a'reflux condenser and an agitator, under reflux until a homogeneous solution is formed. Though acetone will continually reflux, the temperature of. the chargein the kettle will gradually riseto 100 C. After dis= tilling off'half of the acetone, the temperature. of the contents reaches about C. Then,.. 71 parts of propylene glycol are. gradually added while. the temperature of, the charge 'iskept at about 90" until solution iscomplete. Then. the batch is gradually cooled'under continuedagitation.

Example IX 15. parts of-Jshellac, 5 parts of phenol, and'9 partsphthalic anhydride are melted together 'at about C. and'kept atthis temperature-for about hour. Then 76 parts propylene'glycol are gradually added and the charge is held' between 90 and 130? C. until solution is complete.

The strong odor of phenol can be obviated by reacting with 2 parts of paraformaldehydeor hexamethylene tetramine for: 15 to30. minutes between 90 and 120 C. Other suitable-reagents which can be. used for the same purpose are paraldehyde, tr-ioxane, furfural. or: some. other. aldehyde with boiling point above-90 C.

Example X 7 Then 76 parts of propylene glycol are gradually added and then the charge is held between 90 and 130 C. until solution is complete.

Eazample XI 15 parts of shellac, parts of phenol, and 10 parts tricarba-llylic acid are melted together at about 150 C. and held at this temperature for about 2 hours. Then, 76 parts of propylene glycol are gradually added and the charge is held between 90 to 130 C. until solution is complete.

Example XII parts of shellac, 5 parts of phenol, and 12 parts of camphoronic acid are melted together at about 150 C. and held at this temperature for about 2 hours. Then, '74 parts of propylene glycol ar gradually added and the charge is held between 90 and 130 C. until solution is complete.

Example XIII 15 parts of shellac, 5 parts of phenol, and 10 parts of aconitic acid are melted together at about 150 C. and held at this temperature for about two hours. Then, 75 parts of propylene glycol are gradually added and the charge is held between 90 and 130 C. until solution is complete.

Example XIV 15 parts of shellac, 5 parts of phenol, and 10 parts of trimesic acid (a benzene tricarboxylic acid) are melted together at about 150 C. and held at this temperature for about two hours. Then, 75 parts of propylene glycol are gradually added and the charge is held between 90 and 130 C. until solution is complete.

Example XV 15 parts of shellac, 5 parts of phenol, and 9 parts of mellophanic acid (a benzene tetracarboxylic acid) are melted together at about 150 C.

and held at this temperature for about two hours. Then, 76 parts of propylene glycol are gradually added and the charge is held between 90 and 130 C. until solution is complete.

Example XVI 15 parts of shellac, 5 parts phenol, and 6 parts of mellitic acid (benzene hexacarboxylic acid) are melted together at about 150 C., and held at this temperature for about two hours. Then, 76 parts of propylene glycol are gradually added and the charge is held between 90 and 130 C. until'solution is complete.

Example XVII 15 parts of shellac, 5 parts of phenol, and 2 parts of mellitic acid are melted together at about 150 C., and held at this temperature for about 1 hour. Then, 78 parts of 1,3-butylene glycol are gradually added, and the charge is held between 90 and 130 C. until solution is complete.

Example XVIII utes.

'Paraiormaldehyde can be replaced by paraldehyde, furfural, benzaldehyde or some other liquid aldehyde with a boiling point at C. or above. When the reaction is carried out with one of the aldehydes whose boiling point is below the cooking temperature, it is necessary to add the aldehyde slowly through the condenser at such a rate that all vapors can be condensed.

Example XIX 15 parts of shellac and 15 parts of phthalic anhydride are powdered and mixed well. The mixture is heated to about 150 C. for about one hour. Then 70 parts of diproplyene glycol are gradually stirred into this melt and held between 80 and C. until solution is complete.

Example XX 15 parts shellac and 10 parts of phthalic anhydride are powdered and mixed well. The mixture is heated to about C. and kept at this temperature for about /2 hour. Then, 75 parts dipropylene glycol are gradually stirred into this melt and held between 80 and 120 C. until solu tion is complete.

Example XXI 15 parts shellac 15 parts phthalic anhydride are powdered and thoroughly mixed together in a grinding mill and then heated in a vessel by indirect heat to about 150 C. and kept at this temperature for 1 hour. At this temperature 70 parts of diethylene glycol are added. The mixture is stirred at about 150 C. until solution is complete.

Example XXII 15 parts shellac 12 parts maleic anhydride are powdered and mixed well. The mixture is heated to about 150 C. and held at this temperature for 1 hour. At this temperature 73 parts diethylene glycol are added and heating is continued to effect solution.

Example XXIII 15 parts Nevillac hard (a phenolic modified indene-coumarone resin) 15 parts shellac 30 parts phthalic anhydride are powdered and mixed well, and heated to 150 C. and kept at this temperature for 15 min- Then 40 parts diethylene glycol are added slowly and the temperature is kept at 150 C. to efiect solution.

Example XXIV 15 parts Nevillac hard 15 parts shellac 15 parts phthalic anhydride are powdered and mixed well, heated to 150 C. and kept at this temperature for 15 minutes. Then 55 parts diethylene glycol are added, and the temperature is raised to 200 C. and kept at this temperature for two hours.

Example XXV 15 parts of shellac, 5 parts of phthalic anhydride, and 2 parts of soft phenol-modified indenecoumarone resin are heated together and held at 110 C. for 2 hours. Then, 78 parts of ethylene glycol are gradually added while the charge is held at 70 to 110 C. Stirring is continued until solution is complete. After cooling to 60 0., part of 'morpholine is added and mixed into the solution.

Insteadof morpholine, a corresponding amount of any other amine, primary, secondary or tertiary, can be used. The-amount can vary; a small portion of the carboxygroups thusneu- 'tralized improves thewater tolerance of'thesystem so that no a premature hardening of the printing inks, *for which these solutions are *used '-as vehicles for thecoloringsubstance, should'occur on the printing presses regardless of high humidity. For very reactive pigments, such as chrome yellow'orxtonersof heavy metal poly acids, this neutralization of the acid groups of shellac reacted with polybasic acids might be carried to completion. For such -purposes,fit is advantageous'ito utilize volatile amines, such as.ethy1ene diamine, diethylenetr'iamine, .diethylaniine, triethylamine, propylamine, morpholine, pyridine, monoethanolamine or the like. When partial neutralization is desired, less volatile amino compounds can also be used to advantage.

The partial or complete neutralization is not necessarily confined to Example XXV, which was merely used for a demonstration. Any one of the other examples can be successfully submitted to the neutralization procedure, with the object and result of improving the water tolerance of the respective system in relation to the water-sensitivity of the polyhydric alcohol used.

The amount of polyhydric alcohol in the examples is not critical. Usually about '70 parts are mentioned. However, satisfactory vehicles can be made with out 20 parts. If thick pastes are wanted, still less, such as 10 parts, are suflicient when 15 parts of shellac are thus reacted. The resulting compositions can always be thinned later by addition of more polyhydric alcohol so that the total amount would be between 10 and 150 parts. For making printing inks, the vehicles with 50 to 80 parts are preferred, and they can be mixed with organic and inorganic pigments and also with dyes. The amount of coloring material may vary depending upon the covering strength desired. If a gray print is desired, as little as one percent of carbon or lamp black would be sufiicient. Should a dark black eifect be required, from 12 to 18% of a strong carbon black would be required. A well covering yellow ink might contain 10% of benzidine yellow or 30 to 50% of chrome yellow. About 30% of lithol red, bronze blue, toluidine red or methyl violet toners can be used in these various colored inks. Tints would require considerably less, and depending upon the effect desired, as little as perhaps less, is needed. Similar results can be obtained with soluble dyes in the amounts from /2 to 25%. The advantages would consist in greater brilliancy and transparency of the impressions.

The preceding examples have set forth the preparation of the polybasic acid-reacted shellac solutions in polyhydric alcohols and their application in printing inks. They are illustrative and should not be conceived as the limits of the invention.

It will be apparent that various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

I claim:

1. A printing ink with high humidity tolerance capable of being set by steam, comprising coloring matter dispersed in a vehicle comprising from 1'0 40% tc 70% -by' -weig'ht diethy-lene glycol and a 'binder, said binder 'being a reaction product produced by 1 heating at 'about 150 1 C.--substantially one part or. shellacand from-oneito two parts of an acid selected "from the-group consisting of'phthalican'd malic.

2. A printing ink-with highhumidity tolerance capable of being set' b'ysteam,- comprising'coloring matter dispersed in '-'a vehicle-comprising a major portion by weight a of *diethylene 'glycol and a minor' portion-'o'f -a bin'der; said binder being a reaction *product produced by heating-at about 15.0 C. substantially-one to two parts by weight of phthalic acid-"and one part of shellac.

'3. A printing ink-with liigh humidity tolerance capable of being set bysteam, comprising coloring matter dispersed m a =-vehicle;-comprising a. major portion by weight of d-iethylene glycol and -a minor portion of a binder, said binder being the reaction product produced byheating at about 150 C. substantially one *to two parts by weight or m'aleic a'cid and" one part of shellac.

4. A printing ink with=high-' humidity tolerance capable of being set by steam, comprising coloring matter dispersed in a vehicle comprising a major portion by weight of a polyhydric alcohol having from 2 to 3 hydroxy groups and from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and a binder dissolved in said vehicle, said binder being a reaction product produced by heating substantial portions of shellac and a solid polybasic carboxylic acid having more than 3 carbon atoms and containing only C, H, and O at from about C. to C.

5. A printing ink with high humidity tolerance capable of being set by steam, comprising coloring matter dispersed in a vehicle comprising a major portion by weight of a glycol having 2-6 carbon atoms and a binder dissolved in said vehicle, said binder being a reaction product produced by heating substantial portions of shellac and a solid polybasic carboxylic acid having more than 3 carbon atoms and containing only C, H, and O- at from about 100 C. to 150 C.

6. A printing ink with high humidity tolerance capable of being set by steam, comprising coloring matter dispersed in a vehicle comprising a major portion by weight of glycerol and a binder dissolved in said vehicle, said binder being a reaction product produced by heating substantial portions of shellac and a solid polybasic carboxylic acid having more than 3 carbon atoms and containing only C, H, and O- at from about 100 C. to 150 C.

7. A printing ink with high humidity tolerance capable of being set by steam, comprising coloring matter dispersed in a vehicle comprising a major portion by weight of propylene glycol and a binder dissolved in said vehicle, said binder being a reaction product produced by heating substantial portions of shellac and a solid polybasic carboxylic acid having more than 3 carbon atoms and containing only C, H, and O at from about 100 C. to 150 C.

8. A printing ink with high humidity tolerance capable of being set by steam, comprising coloring matter dispersed in a vehicle comprising a major portion by Weight of a polyhydric alcohol having from 2 to 3 hydroxy groups and from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and a binder dissolved in said vehicle, said binder being a reaction product produced by heating substantial portions of shellac and a solid polybasic carboxylic acid having more than 3 carbon atoms and containing only C, H, and O and having 2-6 carboxyl groups at from about 100 to 150 C.

9. A printing ink with high humidity tolerance capable of being set by steam, comprising coloring matter dispersed in a vehicle comprising a major portion by weight of a polyhydric alcohol havingfrom 2 to 3 hydroxy groups and from 2-6 carbon atoms, and a binder dissolved in said vehicle, said binder being a reaction product produced by heating substantial portions of shellac and a solid dibasic carboxylic acid havin morethan 3 carbon atoms and containing only C, H, and O at from about 100 C. to 150 C.

10. A printing ink with high humidity tolerance capable of being set by steam, comprising coloring matter dispersed in a vehicle comprising a major portion by weight of a polyhydric 16 alcohol having from 2 to 3 hydroxy groups and from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and a binder dissolved in said vehicle, said binder being a reaction product produced by heating substantial portions of a solid tribasic carboxylic acid having more than 3 carbon atoms and containing only C, H, and O at from about 100 C. to 150 C.

ALFRED F. SCHMUTZLER.

12 REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,091,627 Callahan Mar. 31, 1914 1,663,183 Schmidt Mar. 20, 1928 2,318,096 Quick May 4, 1943 10 2,323,710 Erickson et a1. July 6, 1943 2,338,892 Bassford Jan. 11, 1944 2,346,968 Jeuck Apr. 18, 1944 2,387,388 Gardner Oct. 23, 1945 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 376,413 Great Britain July 14, 1932 439,524 Great Britain Dec. 9, 1935 468,542 Great Britain July '7, 1937 20 712,065 Germany Oct. 11, 1941 

4. A PRINTING INK WITH HIGH HUMIDITY TOLERANCE CAPABLE OF BEING SET BY STEAM, COMPRISING COLORING MATTER DISPERSED IN A VEHICLE COMPRISING A MAJOR PORTION BY WEIGHT OF A POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOL HAVING FROM 2 TO 3 HYDROXY GROUPS AND FROM 2 TO 6 CARBON ATOMS, AND A BINDER DISSOLVED IN SAID VEHICLE, SAID BINDER BEING A REACTION PRODUCE PRODUCED BY HEATING SUBSTANTIAL PORTIONS OF SHELLAC AND A SOLID POLYBASIC CARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING MORE THAN 3 CARBON ATOMS AND CONTAINING ONLY C.H, AND O AT FROM ABOUT 100* C. TO 150* C. 